Which components do modern thermoelectric modules utilize to create the Peltier effect?

Modern thermoelectric modules primarily utilize semiconductors to create the Peltier effect. The Peltier effect occurs when an electric current flows through two different types of semiconductor materials joined together, which results in a temperature difference across the junctions of the materials. By carefully selecting and engineering these semiconductor materials, it's possible to enhance the efficiency of thermoelectric modules significantly.

Semiconductors, due to their unique electrical properties and the ability to manipulate their charge carriers (electrons and holes), are essential for effective thermoelectric performance. They offer a substantial temperature gradient creation, which is crucial for applications like cooling or heating devices. By combining n-type and p-type semiconductors within the thermoelectric module, the Peltier effect can be harnessed optimally.